二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)工作原理是當(dang)外(wai)界有正向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)偏(pian)置時，外(wai)界電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)和自建電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)的(de)(de)互相抑消(xiao)作用(yong)使載流(liu)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)擴散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)增加引(yin)起了正向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。當(dang)外(wai)界有反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)偏(pian)置時，外(wai)界電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)和自建電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)進一(yi)步(bu)加強，形成在一(yi)定(ding)反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范(fan)圍內與(yu)反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)偏(pian)置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值無(wu)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)飽(bao)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)I0。大部(bu)分二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)所具備的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方(fang)向(xiang)性我們通常稱之為(wei)“整流(liu)（Rectifying）”功(gong)(gong)(gong)能。二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)較(jiao)普遍的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能就是只(zhi)允(yun)許電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)由單一(yi)方(fang)向(xiang)通過（稱為(wei)順向(xiang)偏(pian)壓(ya)），反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)時阻斷（稱為(wei)逆向(xiang)偏(pian)壓(ya)）。因此，二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)可(ke)以想成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)版(ban)的(de)(de)逆止閥(fa)。然而實際(ji)上二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)并(bing)不會表現出如此完美的(de)(de)開與(yu)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)性，而是較(jiao)為(wei)復雜的(de)(de)非線性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)特(te)征——這(zhe)是由特(te)定(ding)類型的(de)(de)二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)技(ji)術決(jue)定(ding)的(de)(de)。二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)使用(yong)上除了用(yong)做(zuo)開關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)方(fang)式之外(wai)還有很多其他的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能。正向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)理想二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)在端子(zi)(zi)上施加任何正向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時都包括無(wu)限(xian)的(de)(de)正向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。惠州電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)分類

二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)又稱晶(jing)體(ti)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),簡稱二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(diode)，另外，還有早期的(de)真空(kong)(kong)電(dian)子(zi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)；它是一(yi)種(zhong)具有單(dan)向(xiang)傳導(dao)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)電(dian)子(zi)器件(jian)。在(zai)半導(dao)體(ti)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內部有一(yi)個(ge)PN結兩(liang)個(ge)引(yin)線端(duan)子(zi)，這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)子(zi)器件(jian)按照外加電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)方向(xiang)，具備(bei)單(dan)向(xiang)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)轉導(dao)性。一(yi)般(ban)來(lai)講，晶(jing)體(ti)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是一(yi)個(ge)由p型(xing)半導(dao)體(ti)和n型(xing)半導(dao)體(ti)燒結形成(cheng)的(de)p-n結界面(mian)。在(zai)其界面(mian)的(de)兩(liang)側形成(cheng)空(kong)(kong)間電(dian)荷層(ceng)，構成(cheng)自(zi)建電(dian)場(chang)。當外加電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等于(yu)零(ling)時(shi)，由于(yu)p-n結兩(liang)邊載流(liu)子(zi)的(de)濃(nong)度差引(yin)起擴散電(dian)流(liu)和由自(zi)建電(dian)場(chang)引(yin)起的(de)漂移電(dian)流(liu)相(xiang)等而處于(yu)電(dian)平衡(heng)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，這(zhe)也是常(chang)態(tai)下的(de)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)特性。廣州激(ji)光二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)分(fen)類穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)實(shi)質上是一(yi)個(ge)面(mian)結型(xing)硅二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)工作在(zai)反向(xiang)擊穿狀(zhuang)態(tai)。

二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)是用(yong)半導(dao)(dao)體材料(硅、硒、鍺)制成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)電子器(qi)件(jian)，它具(ju)有單向導(dao)(dao)電性(xing)能，即給二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)和陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)加上(shang)(shang)正向電壓(ya)時(shi)，二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)導(dao)(dao)通(tong)。當給陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)和陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)加上(shang)(shang)反(fan)向電壓(ya)時(shi)，二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)截止(zhi)，因此(ci)，二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)通(tong)和截止(zhi)，則相當于開關的(de)(de)接(jie)通(tong)與(yu)斷開。而我們(men)講的(de)(de)是一種(zhong)特殊(shu)的(de)(de)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，理想二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)。在電子上(shang)(shang)，它不僅起著安(an)裝、固定、密(mi)封(feng)、保(bao)護芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)及增強電熱性(xing)能等方面(mian)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，而且(qie)還通(tong)過(guo)芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)接(jie)點用(yong)導(dao)(dao)線連(lian)接(jie)到封(feng)裝外(wai)殼的(de)(de)引腳上(shang)(shang)，這些引腳又通(tong)過(guo)印刷電路(lu)板上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)線與(yu)其他器(qi)件(jian)相連(lian)接(jie)，從而實現(xian)內部(bu)芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)與(yu)外(wai)部(bu)電路(lu)的(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)。因為(wei)芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)必須與(yu)外(wai)界隔離，以防止(zhi)空氣中的(de)(de)雜(za)質對(dui)芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)電路(lu)的(de)(de)腐蝕而造成(cheng)(cheng)電氣性(xing)能下降。另一方面(mian)，封(feng)裝后的(de)(de)芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)也更便于安(an)裝和運輸(shu)。

理(li)想二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)其實(shi)說(shuo)到底還是(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)，理(li)想二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)正向(xiang)壓(ya)降為(wei)0，反向(xiang)漏電(dian)流(liu)(liu)為(wei)0的(de)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)，這種二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)只(zhi)存在與(yu)理(li)論研(yan)究中，只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)種假(jia)設，如為(wei)沒有壓(ya)降，沒有損耗(hao)，反向(xiang)不會擊穿等理(li)想狀態，而實(shi)際二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)達不到的(de)。由于傳統二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)它的(de)PN結是(shi)(shi)(shi)有壓(ya)差(cha)的(de)，這個(ge)問(wen)題是(shi)(shi)(shi)沒有辦法(fa)解決的(de)。壓(ya)差(cha)越小(xiao)，功率損耗(hao)也就越小(xiao)，降低二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)壓(ya)差(cha)成為(wei)主要(yao)的(de)問(wen)題，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)從誕生至今都沒有方法(fa)能(neng)完(wan)美的(de)解決這個(ge)問(wen)題，所以理(li)想二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)只(zhi)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)種設計(ji)，引導我們換一(yi)個(ge)角度思考。比較大整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)長期連續工作(zuo)時允許通過(guo)的(de)比較大正向(xiang)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)值(zhi)，PN結面積及外部散熱條件等有關(guan).

二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)一(yi)種具有(you)(you)單向(xiang)(xiang)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)(er)端(duan)器件(jian)，有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)和晶體(ti)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)之分，電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)現已很少見(jian)到，比較常見(jian)和常用的(de)(de)(de)多是(shi)晶體(ti)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)。二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)單向(xiang)(xiang)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)特性，幾乎在所有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)，都要用到半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，它在許多的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)起著重要的(de)(de)(de)作用，它是(shi)誕(dan)生(sheng)較早的(de)(de)(de)半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)器件(jian)之一(yi)，其應用也非常廣(guang)(guang)。二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)壓降：硅二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)（不(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)光類型(xing)）正(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)壓降0.7V，鍺管(guan)(guan)(guan)正(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)壓降為(wei)(wei)0.3V，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)光二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)正(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)壓降會(hui)隨(sui)不(bu)同發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)光顏(yan)色(se)(se)而不(bu)同。主(zhu)要有(you)(you)三種顏(yan)色(se)(se)，具體(ti)壓降參(can)考(kao)值如下(xia)：紅色(se)(se)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)光二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)壓降為(wei)(wei)2.0--2.2V，黃色(se)(se)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)光二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)壓降為(wei)(wei)1.8—2.0V，綠色(se)(se)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)光二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)壓降為(wei)(wei)3.0—3.2V，正(zheng)常發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)光時的(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流約為(wei)(wei)20mA。在二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)制造工藝上，使它有(you)(you)低壓擊穿(chuan)特性。穩壓二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)反向(xiang)(xiang)擊穿(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓恒定(ding)。廣(guang)(guang)州激(ji)光二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)分類

在規定散熱條件下，二極管(guan)(guan)使用(yong)中(zhong)不要超過二極管(guan)(guan)比較大整流(liu)電流(liu)值。惠州(zhou)電子二極管(guan)(guan)分(fen)類

正(zheng)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)壓特(te)性(xing)和(he)一(yi)般(ban)用二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)相同(tong)。雖然其反(fan)(fan)方向(xiang)耐(nai)壓也是特(te)別地高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，但(dan)反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)流小，因此其特(te)長是反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。使用于(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)輸入電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和(he)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)阻(zu)負荷(he)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，就鍺(zang)材料(liao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)型二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)而言，SD54、1N54A等(deng)等(deng)屬于(yu)這(zhe)類二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)。是比較大(da)峰值反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)比較大(da)直流反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)壓很(hen)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)產(chan)品。使用于(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)檢波和(he)整流。這(zhe)種型號的(de)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)一(yi)般(ban)正(zheng)向(xiang)特(te)性(xing)不太(tai)好(hao)或一(yi)般(ban)。在點(dian)接觸型鍺(zang)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)中(zhong)，有SD38、1N38A、OA81等(deng)等(deng)。這(zhe)種鍺(zang)材料(liao)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)，其耐(nai)壓受(shou)到限制。要(yao)求(qiu)更高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)時有硅(gui)合金和(he)擴散型。惠州(zhou)電(dian)(dian)子二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)分類

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