石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)是(shi)一(yi)種以(yi)碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)緊(jin)密(mi)堆積(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)單(dan)層二維蜂窩狀(zhuang)晶格結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。具備(bei)低(di)溫遠紅外功能，集抑(yi)菌、抗紫外線。石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二維結(jie)構(gou)使(shi)其(qi)對周圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)非常敏感(gan)(gan)，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)化學(xue)生(sheng)物傳感(gan)(gan)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理想材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。由于(yu)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度穩定(ding)性，石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)制作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶體(ti)管在(zai)接近單(dan)個(ge)(ge)(ge)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺度上(shang)依首(shou)念頌然能穩定(ding)地工作。石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)具有質量輕(qing)、高(gao)化學(xue)穩定(ding)性和高(gao)比表(biao)面積(ji)等優點，使(shi)之高(gao)裂成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)儲(chu)氫(qing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比較好候選者。石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)內(nei)部碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)列方式與(yu)(yu)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)單(dan)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)層一(yi)樣以(yi)sp2雜(za)化軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)成(cheng)(cheng)鍵(jian)(jian)，并有如下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點：碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)有4個(ge)(ge)(ge)價電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，其(qi)中3個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)sp2鍵(jian)(jian)，即每個(ge)(ge)(ge)碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)都(dou)貢獻(xian)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)位(wei)于(yu)pz軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)未成(cheng)(cheng)鍵(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，近鄰者鄭(zheng)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)pz軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)與(yu)(yu)平(ping)(ping)面成(cheng)(cheng)垂直(zhi)方向(xiang)可形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)π鍵(jian)(jian)，新(xin)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)π鍵(jian)(jian)呈半填滿狀(zhuang)態。研究證實，石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)中碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配位(wei)數為(wei)(wei)3，每兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)相鄰碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鍵(jian)(jian)長(chang)為(wei)(wei)×10-10米，鍵(jian)(jian)與(yu)(yu)鍵(jian)(jian)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角(jiao)為(wei)(wei)120°。除了σ鍵(jian)(jian)與(yu)(yu)其(qi)他碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鏈接成(cheng)(cheng)六角(jiao)環的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蜂窩式層狀(zhuang)結(jie)構(gou)外，每個(ge)(ge)(ge)碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直(zhi)于(yu)層平(ping)(ping)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)pz軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)可以(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)貫穿全層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大π鍵(jian)(jian)，因而具有優良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)和光學(xue)性能。石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)具有較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比表(biao)面積(ji)及超薄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)片(pian)層結(jie)構(gou)，可形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)致密(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物理隔(ge)絕層。哪里有石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)納米材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)

溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是指(zhi)在特(te)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密(mi)閉(bi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(高壓(ya)(ya)釜)中(zhong)，采用(yong)(yong)有機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)作為(wei)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)介質，通過將(jiang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)體(ti)系(xi)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)至(zhi)臨界(jie)溫度(或接(jie)近臨界(jie)溫度)，在反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)體(ti)系(xi)中(zhong)自身產(chan)生高壓(ya)(ya)而進行材料(liao)制(zhi)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種有效方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)解決了規模化(hua)制(zhi)備(bei)(bei)(bei)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，同時也(ye)帶來了電導(dao)率(lv)很(hen)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負面影響。為(wei)解決由此帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不足，研(yan)(yan)究者(zhe)將(jiang)溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)氧(yang)化(hua)還原(yuan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)相(xiang)結合(he)制(zhi)備(bei)(bei)(bei)出(chu)了高質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。Dai等發現溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)條件(jian)下(xia)還原(yuan)氧(yang)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)制(zhi)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)薄膜(mo)電阻(zu)小于傳統條件(jian)下(xia)制(zhi)備(bei)(bei)(bei)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)因高溫高壓(ya)(ya)封閉(bi)體(ti)系(xi)下(xia)可(ke)制(zhi)備(bei)(bei)(bei)高質量石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)(dian)越來越受科學家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注。溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)其(qi)他(ta)制(zhi)備(bei)(bei)(bei)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結合(he)將(jiang)成(cheng)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)制(zhi)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又一亮點(dian)(dian)。石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)備(bei)(bei)(bei)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)還有高溫還原(yuan)、光照(zhao)還原(yuan)、外延晶(jing)體(ti)生長(chang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、微波法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、電弧法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、電化(hua)學法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等。筆者(zhe)在以上基礎上提(ti)出(chu)一種機(ji)械法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)備(bei)(bei)(bei)納(na)米石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)微片的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，并嘗試宏(hong)量生產(chan)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究中(zhong)取得較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)果。如何綜(zong)合(he)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)各種石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)制(zhi)備(bei)(bei)(bei)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢，取長(chang)補短，解決石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難溶(rong)(rong)解性(xing)和(he)不穩定性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，完善結構和(he)電性(xing)能等是今后研(yan)(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)點(dian)(dian)和(he)難點(dian)(dian)，也(ye)為(wei)今后石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)備(bei)(bei)(bei)與合(he)成(cheng)開辟新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)路。哪里有石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)納(na)米材料(liao)氧(yang)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)于熱(re)(re)(re)管理、橡膠、塑料(liao)、樹脂、纖維(wei)等高分子復合(he)材料(liao)領域。

目前第六元(yuan)素(su)全資子公司常(chang)州第六元(yuan)素(su)半導(dao)體有限公司已與(yu)客(ke)戶成(cheng)功開發石墨烯超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)復合(he)材料（“超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)”），“超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)”利用(yong)CVD沉積技(ji)術(shu)制備(bei)而成(cheng)，石墨烯超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)高于(yu)(yu)銀10%，如成(cheng)功應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)機，若按10%替換，則每(mei)年節(jie)約用(yong)電(dian)(dian)，相當于(yu)(yu)葛洲壩(ba)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)近2個(ge)月的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)，節(jie)約電(dian)(dian)費約20億(yi)(yi)(yi)元(yuan)。近日，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)車高電(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)銅(tong)(tong)基(ji)復合(he)材料“超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)”登(deng)上央視《焦點訪談》節(jie)目。據中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)車介(jie)紹，“超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)”由中(zhong)(zhong)車研究院與(yu)上海(hai)交通(tong)大(da)學張荻團隊聯合(he)研發，是(shi)一(yi)種高電(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)銅(tong)(tong)基(ji)復合(he)材料。“超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)”利用(yong)石墨烯較(jiao)好的(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)和力學性(xing)能與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)材料片堆疊制成(cheng)，實(shi)現(xian)了石墨烯和銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)優勢互(hu)補。經過實(shi)驗(yan)驗(yan)證，超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能超(chao)(chao)(chao)過銀10%，如果全國(guo)10%的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機用(yong)上這(zhe)種“超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)”材料，那么一(yi)年可以節(jie)省出(chu)180多億(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)電(dian)(dian)。180億(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)電(dian)(dian)相當于(yu)(yu)節(jie)省出(chu)一(yi)個(ge)葛洲壩(ba)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)（2022年葛洲壩(ba)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)完成(cheng)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)）。目前，“超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)”已完成(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)試驗(yan)證，驗(yan)證了超(chao)(chao)(chao)級(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)產(chan)(chan)可行性(xing)，并實(shi)現(xian)了小(xiao)批量(liang)(liang)生產(chan)(chan)，接下來將加快批量(liang)(liang)化制造進程(cheng)。

石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)左右。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)注意(yi)一(yi)點，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)保守正確(que)(que)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)才可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)達(da)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)限，如(ru)果操(cao)作不(bu)當(dang)或(huo)者是(shi)(shi)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)規(gui)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)話，那么任何(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都不(bu)會用(yong)長久，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)規(gui)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)操(cao)作可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)增加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)用(yong)性，并且(qie)(qie)還(huan)(huan)非(fei)常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)。要(yao)說(shuo)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)比(bi)(bi)較耐(nai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，剛剛也(ye)說(shuo)了(le)(le)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)左右，可見它(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)耐(nai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，當(dang)然(ran)了(le)(le)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)比(bi)(bi)較貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)要(yao)比(bi)(bi)其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)貴，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)本身，而且(qie)(qie)石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)這(zhe)(zhe)個技(ji)術(shu)，這(zhe)(zhe)個技(ji)術(shu)甚(shen)至可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)價比(bi)(bi)黃金，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整體價格也(ye)抬高了(le)(le)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)一(yi)般人(ren)還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)比(bi)(bi)較愿(yuan)意(yi)購買比(bi)(bi)較便宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。其實石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)有優點的(de)(de)(de)(de)，例如(ru)它(ta)(ta)整體比(bi)(bi)較輕，讓力氣比(bi)(bi)較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖衫逗人(ren)都可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方便攜(xie)帶，它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重量(liang)是(shi)(shi)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)半左右，一(yi)點也(ye)不(bu)會占(zhan)地方，**主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)性比(bi)(bi)較好，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)必須(xu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)正確(que)(que)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下，它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)高溫承(cheng)受力比(bi)(bi)較高，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)不(bu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)長久的(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)溫度高的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，否則會發生，并且(qie)(qie)還(huan)(huan)會引起火災。造(zao)成財(cai)產損(sun)失(shi)和人(ren)員傷亡(wang)，而且(qie)(qie)石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中不(bu)會留下記憶效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)，也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)不(bu)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡(ji)，一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)(de)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都會留下記憶效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)點還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)錯的(de)(de)(de)(de)。高導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)銅(tong)復合材料又稱為超(chao)級銅(tong)。

3．鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)均(jun)需保護(hu)線路，預(yu)防電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)被過(guo)充過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。4．充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)太長、壽命(ming)太短。目前(qian)(qian)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)安(an)(an)全(quan)疑問的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決方(fang)案是(shi)物理性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)：一(yi)是(shi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)元件(jian)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度上(shang)升(sheng)時(shi)(shi)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阻值隨之(zhi)上(shang)升(sheng)，當(dang)溫(wen)度過(guo)高時(shi)(shi)，會自(zi)動終止(zhi)(zhi)供電(dian)(dian)；二是(shi)選項恰當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隔板材(cai)(cai)料，當(dang)溫(wen)度升(sheng)高到(dao)一(yi)定(ding)數(shu)值時(shi)(shi)，隔板上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微米(mi)級微孔會自(zi)動溶解掉(diao)，從(cong)而(er)使(shi)(shi)鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)不(bu)能通過(guo)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)內部反應(ying)終止(zhi)(zhi)；三是(shi)設立安(an)(an)全(quan)閥（就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)頂部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)氣(qi)孔），電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)內部壓力(li)(li)升(sheng)高到(dao)一(yi)定(ding)數(shu)值時(shi)(shi)，安(an)(an)全(quan)閥自(zi)動敞開(kai)(kai)，確(que)保電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)安(an)(an)全(quan)性。而(er)對于(yu)大容(rong)量(liang)鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，特別是(shi)汽(qi)車等(deng)用(yong)大容(rong)量(liang)鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，只好使(shi)(shi)用(yong)強制散(san)熱(re)。這(zhe)就為納(na)米(mi)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問世提供了(le)或許。鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)正(zheng)負(fu)極材(cai)(cai)料納(na)米(mi)化加工后制成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，是(shi)綠色環保產品，對環境不(bu)導(dao)致污染，并且成本(ben)較目前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)低。納(na)米(mi)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵點(dian)是(shi)高容(rong)量(liang)、高功率、高安(an)(an)全(quan)性之(zhi)納(na)米(mi)級鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)材(cai)(cai)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)發與(yu)落實應(ying)用(yong)。目前(qian)(qian)德陽高瞻遠(yuan)矚，力(li)(li)圖(tu)制作(zuo)新能源材(cai)(cai)質(zhi)基(ji)地與(yu)儲能產業基(ji)地。德陽瞄準了(le)納(na)米(mi)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)勢(shi)，1、由科(ke)學家黃(huang)銘(ming)(ming)主導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)23億入股“黃(huang)銘(ming)(ming)納(na)米(mi)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)材(cai)(cai)質(zhi)”剛(gang)建成，年產3000噸(dun)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)材(cai)(cai)質(zhi)。氧化石(shi)墨烯易(yi)于(yu)接枝改性，可(ke)與(yu)復(fu)合材(cai)(cai)料進行原位復(fu)合。綠色石(shi)墨烯導(dao)熱(re)膜

石墨(mo)烯(xi)環氧樹脂應用于重防腐(fu)涂料(liao)、導電涂料(liao)、粉(fen)末(mo)涂料(liao)以及膠(jiao)粉(fen)劑(ji)等領域(yu)。哪(na)里有石墨(mo)烯(xi)納(na)米材料(liao)

石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)內部(bu)碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排列方式(shi)與(yu)(yu)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)單(dan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)層(ceng)(ceng)一樣以(yi)sp雜(za)化(hua)軌(gui)道(dao)成(cheng)(cheng)鍵(jian)，并有(you)如下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點:碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)有(you)4個(ge)(ge)(ge)價電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，其中(zhong)3個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生成(cheng)(cheng)sp鍵(jian)，即每個(ge)(ge)(ge)碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)都貢獻一個(ge)(ge)(ge)位于pz軌(gui)道(dao)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)未成(cheng)(cheng)鍵(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，近鄰原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)pz軌(gui)道(dao)與(yu)(yu)平面成(cheng)(cheng)垂直(zhi)方向(xiang)可(ke)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)π鍵(jian)，新形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)π鍵(jian)呈半(ban)填滿狀態(tai)。研究證實，石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)位數為(wei)3，每兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)相鄰碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鍵(jian)長為(wei)×10米，鍵(jian)與(yu)(yu)鍵(jian)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角為(wei)120°。除(chu)了(le)σ鍵(jian)與(yu)(yu)其他碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鏈接成(cheng)(cheng)六角環的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蜂窩式(shi)層(ceng)(ceng)狀結構外，每個(ge)(ge)(ge)碳(tan)(tan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直(zhi)于層(ceng)(ceng)平面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)pz軌(gui)道(dao)可(ke)以(yi)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)貫穿(chuan)全(quan)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)π鍵(jian)(與(yu)(yu)苯環類似)，因而(er)具(ju)有(you)優良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)學性能。石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)在(zai)室溫下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)載流子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)遷移(yi)率(lv)(lv)約為(wei)15000cm/(V·s)，這(zhe)一數值(zhi)超(chao)過了(le)硅材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)10倍，是已知載流子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)遷移(yi)率(lv)(lv)比較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質銻化(hua)銦(InSb)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩倍以(yi)上。在(zai)某些特定條件(jian)下如低溫下，石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)載流子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)遷移(yi)率(lv)(lv)甚至可(ke)高(gao)達(da)250000cm/(V·s)。與(yu)(yu)很(hen)多材料(liao)不一樣，石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)遷移(yi)率(lv)(lv)受溫度變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響較小，50~500K之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任何溫度下，單(dan)層(ceng)(ceng)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)遷移(yi)率(lv)(lv)都在(zai)15000cm/(V·s)左右。另外，石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)載體和空穴載流子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)半(ban)整數量子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)霍爾效(xiao)應可(ke)以(yi)通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場作用改變化(hua)學勢而(er)被觀察到(dao)，而(er)科(ke)學家在(zai)室溫條件(jian)下就(jiu)觀察到(dao)了(le)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種量子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)霍爾效(xiao)應。哪(na)里有(you)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)納米材料(liao)

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