接地與防雷系統

①接地系統與(yu)建筑結構鋼筋(jin)的連接應可(ke)靠。

②光伏組件、支架與屋面接地(di)網的連(lian)接應可(ke)靠。

③光伏方陣接地應連續、可靠，接地電阻(zu)應小于4?。

④雷(lei)雨季(ji)節到來之前應對接地系統進行檢(jian)查和維護，主要檢(jian)查連接處是否堅固、接觸(chu)是否良好(hao)。

⑤雷(lei)雨季節前應對防(fang)雷(lei)模塊進(jin)行檢測(ce)。發現防(fang)雷(lei)模塊顯(xian)示窗口出現紅色及時(shi)更換處理。

光伏(fu)系統與建筑物(wu)結合部分

①光伏系統應與建筑(zhu)主(zhu)體結構連接牢固，在臺(tai)風暴雨等惡劣的自然天氣(qi)過(guo)后應檢(jian)查光伏支架，整體不應有(you)變形，錯位(wei)，松動。

②用于固(gu)定光(guang)(guang)伏支架(jia)的植筋或(huo)膨(peng)脹(zhang)螺(luo)栓不應松動，采取預制基(ji)座安(an)裝的光(guang)(guang)伏方陣，預制基(ji)座應放(fang)置(zhi)平穩(wen)，整齊位置(zhi)不得移(yi)動。

③光伏(fu)支架的(de)主要受力(li)構(gou)件、連接構(gou)件和連接螺栓不(bu)應(ying)損壞、松(song)動(dong)，焊縫(feng)不(bu)應(ying)開焊，金(jin)屬材料的(de)防銹涂膜應(ying)完整(zheng)，不(bu)應(ying)有剝削銹蝕現象。

④光伏系統(tong)區域內嚴禁增設相關(guan)設施，以(yi)免(mian)影響光伏系統(tong)安全運行。

現(xian)場(chang)并網(wang)檢(jian)測設備能夠對(dui)電(dian)網(wang)的電(dian)流(liu)負(fu)荷進行實時監測和分(fen)析。精密(mi)電(dian)站(zhan)現(xian)場(chang)并網(wang)檢(jian)測設備功(gong)能

伏電站配電設備的施工(gong)及運行安全技術：

施工安全技術：

1. 確定電(dian)站配電(dian)系統的布置及接(jie)線方式，保(bao)證設備(bei)的正常運行。

2. 施工(gong)前按照設計要求制定詳(xiang)細的(de)施工(gong)方案，保證施工(gong)質量(liang)。

3. 施工(gong)現場遵守(shou)安全(quan)操(cao)作規程，保(bao)證施工(gong)人員安全(quan)。

4. 嚴(yan)格按照施工(gong)標準和要(yao)求，選擇合適的(de)工(gong)具和材料，避免因使(shi)用不(bu)當(dang)導致的(de)安全(quan)事故(gu)。

5. 施工人員接受專業培(pei)訓，并(bing)持證上(shang)崗(gang)。

運行安全技術：

1. 配電設備(bei)(bei)定(ding)期檢查和維護(hu)，保(bao)證設備(bei)(bei)的(de)正常(chang)運(yun)行。

2. 應制定完善的應急預(yu)案(an)，一旦發(fa)生事故能夠(gou)及時、有(you)效地處(chu)理。

3. 嚴格(ge)控制配電設備的溫度(du)、濕(shi)度(du)等環(huan)境(jing)參數，避免(mian)因環(huan)境(jing)因素引起設備故(gu)障。堅(jian)

4. 持(chi)定期(qi)清理配電設備(bei)周圍(wei)的環境，防止灰塵、雜物(wu)等物(wu)質進入設備(bei)內部，影響設備(bei)運行。

5. 配(pei)電(dian)(dian)設備的電(dian)(dian)纜進(jin)行檢(jian)查和(he)維護，避免電(dian)(dian)纜老(lao)化和(he)漏電(dian)(dian)等(deng)問題。

6. 嚴格控制(zhi)負荷，避免過載運(yun)行(xing)，保證設備的長期(qi)安全(quan)運(yun)行(xing)。

7. 定期(qi)開展培(pei)訓，提高工作(zuo)人(ren)員的(de)安(an)全意識和(he)技能水(shui)平，保(bao)障運行安(an)全。江西并網(wang)檢(jian)測(ce)電站(zhan)現(xian)(xian)場并網(wang)檢(jian)測(ce)設備批發現(xian)(xian)場并網(wang)檢(jian)測(ce)設備能夠精確測(ce)量電網(wang)的(de)頻率、相位、諧波等參數(shu)，并進(jin)行實時監測(ce)。

儲能集成技術路線：拓撲方案(an)逐漸迭代(dai)

（1）集(ji)中式(shi)方(fang)案：1500V取代1000V成為趨(qu)勢(shi)

隨著集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)式風(feng)光電(dian)站和儲能向更(geng)大容量(liang)發展，直(zhi)流高(gao)壓(ya)成為降(jiang)本增效的(de)主(zhu)要技術(shu)方案，直(zhi)流側電(dian)壓(ya)提(ti)(ti)升到1500V的(de)儲能系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸成為趨(qu)勢。相比(bi)于傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)1000V系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，1500V系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)將線纜、BMS硬件(jian)模(mo)塊、PCS等部件(jian)的(de)耐壓(ya)從不(bu)超過1000V提(ti)(ti)高(gao)到不(bu)超過1500V。儲能系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)1500V技術(shu)方案來源于光伏系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，根據CPIA統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計，2021年國內光伏系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)直(zhi)流電(dian)壓(ya)等級為1500V的(de)市場占比(bi)約49.4%，預期未來會(hui)逐(zhu)(zhu)步提(ti)(ti)高(gao)至近80%。1500V的(de)儲能系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)將有利于提(ti)(ti)高(gao)與光伏系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)適配度。

1500V儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)方案(an)(an)對比1000V方案(an)(an)在性能(neng)方面亦有提升。以(yi)陽光電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)方案(an)(an)為例，與(yu)1000V系統(tong)相比，電(dian)池(chi)系統(tong)能(neng)量密度(du)與(yu)功(gong)率密度(du)均提升了35%以(yi)上(shang)，相同(tong)容量電(dian)站，設(she)備更少(shao)，電(dian)池(chi)系統(tong)、PCS、BMS及線纜等(deng)設(she)備成本(ben)大(da)幅降低，基建和(he)土地投資成本(ben)也(ye)同(tong)步減少(shao)。據測算，相較(jiao)傳統(tong)方案(an)(an)，1500V儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)初始投資成本(ben)就降低了10%以(yi)上(shang)。但同(tong)時，1500V儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)電(dian)壓升高后(hou)電(dian)池(chi)串聯(lian)數(shu)量增(zeng)(zeng)加，其一致性控(kong)制(zhi)難度(du)增(zeng)(zeng)大(da)，直流拉弧風(feng)險預(yu)防(fang)保護以(yi)及電(dian)氣絕緣(yuan)設(she)計等(deng)要求也(ye)更高。

儲能集成(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)路線：拓撲(pu)方(fang)案逐漸迭代——智(zhi)能組(zu)串式方(fang)案：一(yi)(yi)包一(yi)(yi)優(you)化(hua)、一(yi)(yi)簇一(yi)(yi)管理

為提出的(de)智(zhi)能組串(chuan)式(shi)方案，針(zhen)對集中式(shi)方案中三個主(zhu)要問題進(jin)行解(jie)決：

（1）容(rong)量衰減。傳統(tong)方案中，電(dian)池(chi)使用具有(you)明顯(xian)的(de)“短板(ban)效應”，電(dian)池(chi)模(mo)塊之間并聯，充電(dian)時一個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)單體(ti)(ti)充滿，充電(dian)停止，放(fang)電(dian)時一個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)單體(ti)(ti)放(fang)空，放(fang)電(dian)停止，系統(tong)的(de)整體(ti)(ti)壽(shou)命取決于壽(shou)命短的(de)電(dian)池(chi)。

（2）一致(zhi)(zhi)性。在(zai)儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)運行應用中(zhong)，由于(yu)具體(ti)環(huan)境不同，電池一致(zhi)(zhi)性存在(zai)偏差，導致(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)指數(shu)級衰(shuai)減。（3）容(rong)量(liang)失配。電池并聯(lian)容(rong)易造成容(rong)量(liang)失配，電池的(de)實際使用容(rong)量(liang)遠(yuan)低(di)于(yu)標(biao)準容(rong)量(liang)。智能(neng)(neng)組(zu)串式解(jie)決方案通過組(zu)串化、智能(neng)(neng)化、模塊化的(de)設計，解(jie)決集中(zhong)式方案的(de)上(shang)述三(san)個問(wen)題(ti)：

（1）組串化。采用能(neng)量優(you)化器實現電(dian)池(chi)(chi)模組級(ji)管(guan)理，采用電(dian)池(chi)(chi)簇(cu)控制器實現簇(cu)間均衡，分布式空調減少簇(cu)間溫差。

（2）智(zhi)能化。將AI、云BMS等先進(jin)(jin)ICT技術，應(ying)用(yong)到內短路檢測(ce)(ce)場景中(zhong)，應(ying)用(yong)AI進(jin)(jin)行電池(chi)狀(zhuang)態(tai)預測(ce)(ce)，采用(yong)多模型聯動智(zhi)能溫控(kong)策略保證充放(fang)電狀(zhuang)態(tai)比(bi)較好。

（3）模(mo)(mo)塊化。電池系統模(mo)(mo)塊化設(she)計(ji)，可單(dan)(dan)獨(du)切(qie)離(li)故(gu)障(zhang)模(mo)(mo)組，不影響簇內其(qi)它(ta)模(mo)(mo)組正常工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。將PCS模(mo)(mo)塊化設(she)計(ji)，單(dan)(dan)臺(tai)PCS故(gu)障(zhang)時(shi)，其(qi)它(ta)PCS可繼續工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，多(duo)臺(tai)PCS故(gu)障(zhang)時(shi)，系統仍可保持運行。現場(chang)并網檢測設(she)備的操(cao)作(zuo)界(jie)面簡單(dan)(dan)直(zhi)觀，易(yi)于運維人員(yuan)使用和掌握。

準備電站物資

在電站投入運(yun)行(xing)前(qian)，需要采購各種運(yun)行(xing)所必須的(de)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)，并且要做好物(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)臺賬管(guan)理(li)工作。以下是(shi)一些常見的(de)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)類別和管(guan)理(li)措施：

※安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)工(gong)器(qi)具(ju)：包括安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)帽(mao)、安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)鞋(xie)、防護眼(yan)鏡等(deng)，用于保障運(yun)維人員的人身(shen)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)。

※常用工(gong)(gong)(gong)器具：包括扳手(shou)、螺絲(si)刀、電動(dong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具等，用于日常的設(she)備維護(hu)和修理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作。

※儀器(qi)儀表(biao)：包(bao)括測(ce)量儀器(qi)、測(ce)試設備等，用于對光伏電站的運行參數進(jin)行監測(ce)和檢(jian)測(ce)。

※勞保(bao)(bao)防護(hu)用品：包括手套、口罩、耳塞(sai)等，用于保(bao)(bao)護(hu)運(yun)維人員的(de)身體健康。

※安全設施：包括消防設備、安全標(biao)識、警(jing)示牌等，用(yong)于保(bao)障電站(zhan)的安全運行。

※應急和救援物資：包括(kuo)急救箱、應急燈、應急通訊設備等(deng)，用(yong)于處(chu)理突發事件(jian)和緊(jin)急情(qing)況。

※辦(ban)公用(yong)品：包括文(wen)件柜、打印(yin)機、辦(ban)公桌椅等(deng)，用(yong)于電(dian)站管理和運維人員的辦(ban)公工作。

※資(zi)運(yun)維(wei)車(che)輛：包括巡檢(jian)車(che)、維(wei)修(xiu)車(che)等，用于(yu)運(yun)維(wei)人(ren)員的(de)巡查和設備維(wei)護工(gong)作。

※產品資料和備(bei)(bei)品備(bei)(bei)件(jian)(jian)：包括設(she)備(bei)(bei)說明書(shu)、技術手(shou)冊、備(bei)(bei)件(jian)(jian)清單等(deng)，用于運(yun)維人(ren)員參(can)考(kao)和備(bei)(bei)件(jian)(jian)更換。現場并網檢測設(she)備(bei)(bei)配(pei)備(bei)(bei)了(le)專(zhuan)業的監控軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)，用于實(shi)時監測電網運(yun)行狀況。電網模擬裝置電站現場并網檢測設(she)備(bei)(bei)作用

現場并(bing)(bing)網檢測設(she)備能夠對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網進行實時(shi)(shi)監控，及時(shi)(shi)發(fa)現并(bing)(bing)解(jie)決問題，確保(bao)穩定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應。精密電(dian)(dian)(dian)站現場并(bing)(bing)網檢測設(she)備功能

儲能電站的設計

1.1系統構成

儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)由退(tui)役(yi)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)PCS（變流(liu)器）、BMS（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)管理(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)）、EMS（能(neng)(neng)源管理(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)）等(deng)(deng)組(zu)成，為了體現(xian)(xian)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的異構兼容(rong)特征，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)選用5種不同(tong)類型、結構、時(shi)期(qi)的退(tui)役(yi)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)為實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的控(kong)制(zhi)，需要(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)中各(ge)(ge)設(she)備(bei)(bei)間(jian)進行(xing)有(you)效的配合與(yu)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)網(wang)絡拓撲(pu)結構分3層(ceng)，分別為現(xian)(xian)場應用層(ceng)、數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)控(kong)制(zhi)層(ceng)和(he)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)調(diao)度層(ceng)，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中現(xian)(xian)場應用層(ceng)主要(yao)是(shi)對PCS和(he)BMS等(deng)(deng)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)監(jian)測(ce)與(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)網(wang)絡拓撲(pu)結構如圖1所(suo)示。PCS是(shi)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)連接的中間(jian)環節[8]，是(shi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)能(neng)(neng)量傳遞(di)和(he)功(gong)率(lv)控(kong)制(zhi)的中樞，PCS采用模塊化設(she)計(ji)，每個回(hui)路(lu)的PCS都(dou)可調(diao)節。系(xi)統(tong)(tong)并(bing)網(wang)時(shi)，PCS以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)源形式注入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，自鉗位跟蹤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)相位角(jiao)度；系(xi)統(tong)(tong)離(li)網(wang)時(shi)，以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)源方(fang)式運行(xing)，輸(shu)出恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)頻率(lv)供負載使用，各(ge)(ge)回(hui)路(lu)主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)拓撲(pu)結構如圖2所(suo)示。BMS具備(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)參數(shu)(shu)監(jian)測(ce)（如總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)檢測(ce)等(deng)(deng)）、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)狀態估計(ji)和(he)保護(hu)等(deng)(deng)；數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)控(kong)制(zhi)層(ceng)嵌入了系(xi)統(tong)(tong)針對不同(tong)類型、結構、時(shi)期(qi)的動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)控(kong)制(zhi)策略，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率(lv)均衡(heng)。數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)監(jian)控(kong)層(ceng)即EMS，主要(yao)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)現(xian)(xian)場設(she)備(bei)(bei)中各(ge)(ge)種狀態數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)的采集和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)指令的發送、數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)分析和(he)事(shi)故追憶。精密電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)現(xian)(xian)場并(bing)網(wang)檢測(ce)設(she)備(bei)(bei)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)

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